Europarådets språkfärdighetsskala
The Common Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEF) är något som tagits fram och fastställts av Europarådet (the Council of Europe). Det är en sexgradig skala (A1 - C2) som ämnar hjälpa till att fastställa en persons förmåga att förstå, tala och skriva på ett främmande språk. De sex nivåerna ska ses som referenser och har som mål att bli en standardmetod för bedömning av språkkunskaper och språkundervisning i Europa. Många språkskolor, universitet och examinationsråd använder sig numera av CEF-skalan, även om nivåerna också får ha kvar namn som är lättare att komma ihåg, som "nybörjare", "medel" och "avancerad".
Nivåer och beskrivning (på engelska, från the Council of Europe):
- A: Basic User
- A1: Breakthrough. Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.
- A2: Waystage. Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need.
- B: Independent User
- B1. Threshold. Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans.
- B2: Vantage: Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
- C: Proficient User
- C1: Effective Operational Proficiency. Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognise implicit meaning. Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.
- C2: Mastery: Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. Can summarise information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in more complex situations.
Hur lång tid det tar att avancera från A1 till C2 beror naturligtvis på en mängd olika faktorer. Våra språkskolor har ofta riktlinjer för det antal undervisningstimmar som krävs för en viss nivå, men det är just riktlinjer, som inte tar hänsyn till sådant som t.ex. fallenhet för språk, hur mycket man talar språket på fritiden, studier utöver lektionstiden etc.
